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Layer 2 Bridge

Do you have devices that can't run ZeroTier that you want to access remotely? You can use a small Linux PC as a bridge between ZeroTier and physical networks.

Note

This topic is related to but different from using ZeroTier as a Layer 5 Service Proxy.

Assumptions​

  • You're doing this on your home network and can log in to your router and find the DHCP settings.
  • You have a keyboard, monitor, and ethernet cable plugged into your Pi. Chances are high we'll break networking and lose access to the Pi.
  • You're somewhat familiar with the command line and ssh.
  • We're going to use systemd networking for this. You could probably adapt the concepts to a different Linux network configuration system if you have opinions about systemd.
  • We used a Raspberry Pi 2 while writing this, but a Pi 3 or 4 should work fine. Anything running a Debian 10+ based distro should be fine. It doesn't have to be a Raspberry Pi, but some of these instructions might be Raspbian specific.

What you'll need​

  • Physical LAN Subnet
  • Physical LAN DHCP Range
  • ZeroTier Auto-Assign Range
  • Default Gateway IP Address (the router)
  • Bridge IP Address (will be statically assigned)
  • Create a new ZeroTier network and get the ID. Keep an old network around for secondary way to connect any devices already using ZeroTier.
  • The DHCP range and ZeroTier Auto-Assign range should be in the same subnet, but not overlap. You'd probably base this off what is already configured on your router.

An example plan​

NameValueReferred to below as
Physical LAN Subnet192.168.192.0/24
Physical LAN DHCP RANGE192.168.192.65 through 192.168.192.126
ZeroTier Auto-Assign Range192.168.192.129 through 192.168.192.190$ZT_POOL
ZeroTier Managed Route192.168.192.0/23$ZT_ROUTE
Default Gateway IP Address192.168.192.1$GW_ADDR
Bridge IP Address192.168.192.2/24 (or use DHCP)$BR_ADDR
ZeroTier Network IDd5e04297a19bbd70$NETWORK_ID
ZeroTier Network Interface Namezt3jnwghuq$ZT_IF

Get your bridge device up and running​

Follow the Raspberry Pi install instructions​

SSH into the Pi​

It's easier to login via ssh now and copy/paste commands from the comfort of your own PC.

The DNS name might just work for you:

ssh pi@raspberrypi.local Or ssh pi@<ip-address-of-pi>

Update the Operating System​

sudo apt update && sudo apt -y full-upgrade && sudo reboot

Log back in after it's done

Install ZeroTier​

https://www.ZeroTier.com/download/
curl -s https://install.zerotier.com | sudo bash

Let's set some shell variables now​

NETWORK_ID=<your-network-id>
BR_IF="br0"
BR_ADDR=<your-bridge-address>
GW_ADDR=<your-gateway-address>

Join ZeroTier Network​

sudo zerotier-cli join $NETWORK_ID

We don't want ZeroTier to manage addresses or routes on $ZT_IF. We're doing it statically below, on the bridge interface.

sudo zerotier-cli set $NETWORK_ID allowManaged=0

Set one more variable

ZT_IF=<your-zt-interface-name>

Copy the dev name from the listnetworks output for $ZT_IF. It will be something like: zt3jvirser

Configure the device in ZeroTier Central​

  • Go to the Members section of the Network
  • Open the Wrench Icon for advanced settings and check
  • Check Allow Bridging
  • Check Do Not Auto Assign
  • Authorize the member

Switch to systemd networking​

Remove existing network stuff

sudo apt remove --purge --auto-remove dhcpcd5 fake-hwclock ifupdown isc-dhcp-client isc-dhcp-common openresolv

Enable systemd-networkd

sudo ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf;
sudo systemctl enable systemd-networkd;
sudo systemctl enable systemd-resolved;
sudo systemctl enable systemd-timesyncd;

Configure interfaces

sudo zerotier-cli set $NETWORK_ID allowManaged=0

Write Network Configuration files. Puts ethernet and zerotier into the bridge and configures the bridge with a static IP. See below for DHCP configuration on the bridge.

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-br0.network
[Match]
Name=$BR_IF

[Network]
Address=$BR_ADDR
Gateway=$GW_ADDR
DNS=1.1.1.1
EOF

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/network/br0.netdev
[NetDev]
Name=$BR_IF
Kind=bridge
EOF

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-br0-zt.network
[Match]
Name=$ZT_IF

[Network]
Bridge=$BR_IF
EOF

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-br0-en.network
[Match]
Name=eth0 # might be en*

[Network]
Bridge=$BR_IF
EOF

Review configuration

tail -n+0 /etc/systemd/network/*

If needed, edit the files with the editor of your preference.

If it looks good:

sudo reboot

You should be able to, from the physical LAN, connect to the Pi via $BR_ADDR

If it takes a long time waiting for the network during boot​

Sometimes the physical interface turns out to be a long "predictable interface name" like: "enb827eb0d4176", sometimes it's just eth0, depending on Raspbian version(???).

https://wiki.debian.org/NetworkConfiguration#Network_Interface_Names

Hook up a keyboard and monitor and check with ip addr then edit /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-br0-en.network to match.

Configure ZeroTier Network​

At my.zerotier.com/network/$NETWORK_ID->Settings->Advanced

  • Delete the default Managed Route. Add the new Managed Route $ZT_ROUTE
  • Change IPV4 Auto-Assign to Advanced
  • Remove existing Pool. Create new Pool with start and end from $ZT_POOL
  • For documentation purposes, assign $BR_ADDR to the ZeroTier bridge member

It should be working now.

Next steps​

Either it worked, and you can ssh back in to $BR_ADDR after a minute, or it didn't work and the Pi isn't on the network anymore and you need to use the keyboard and monitor to figure out what went wrong.

tip

Make a backup of the sd card so you don't have to repeat these steps

Appendix​

Configure bridge with DHCP

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/systemd/network/25-bridge-br0.network
[Match]
Name=$BR_IF

[Network]
DHCP=yes
EOF

FAQ​

I can ping the bridge, but not behind it​

Sometimes, iptables rules apply: echo "0" > /proc/sys/net/bridge/bridge-nf-call-iptables or iptables -A FORWARD -p all -i br0 -j ACCEPT

See: https://serverfault.com/questions/162366/iptables-bridge-and-forward-chain

Why is the Managed Route /23 and the LAN subnet /24?​

Say you have a laptop that is on the ZeroTier network and you bring it home. Now its WiFi address and ZeroTier address are in the same subnet. Which interface/address should your laptop use for internet access? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longest_prefix_match

Why is an app on my phone not working over ZeroTier?​

Unfortunately the iOS and Android VPN APIs won't let ZeroTier use multicast/broadcast. These are typically how apps auto-discover services on the LAN. 😭 Stay tuned for an article on bridging a ZeroTier network and a WiFi access point.

References​